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More Information about: square brackets
Term square brackets
Explanation 1. When used in citations square brackets indicate uncertainty. Most commonly it will be the year that is given between square brackets. In this case the date of description is uncertain and the date between the brackets is the earliest, verifiable date. For example: Anomoia purmunda (Harris, [1780]) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The name waspublished in a series of piblications of which the first was issues in 1776 and the last one was dated 1780. The name proposed was in an undated volume, but this volume was published in 1780 at the latest.
2. When used in citations in lists of synonyms, square brackets are often used to enclose statements of clarification or misidentification. For example: Acletoxenus Frauenfeld, 1868: 152. Type species: Acletoxenus syrphoides Frauenfeld, 1868 [= Gitona formosa Loew, 1864], mon. Von Frauenfeld (1868) described the genus Acletoxenus which has Acletoxenus syrphoides as type species. However, that species had already been described under the name Gitona formosa by Loew (1864).

Category Taxonomy
Submitted by Robert Nash
Date Added/
Modified		 19.06.06
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27 June 2025 09:28
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Tony Irwin
23.06.25 18:10
If you have some spare money, there is a copy (together with keys to pupae and larvae) for sale by Hermann L. Strack, Loguivy Plougras, France

smol
23.06.25 11:18
Appreciate it, Tony Irwin! I got the hint to use the key next to Langton and Pinder key for females of Chironomidae. So no specific queries, except the keys... I will keep this on my list and hope th

Tony Irwin
19.06.25 15:33
I have the hard copy book, if you have any specific queries, but I'm not scanning the 500+ pages!

smol
02.06.25 18:26
Anyone has "Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult Males Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 34"? smolwaarneming@gma
il.com

Nikita Vikhrev
28.05.25 20:57
I have Russian Coenosia. nikita6510@ya.ru

smol
28.05.25 12:25
Is someone able to share with me "A key to the Russian species of the genus Coenosia"?

Nikita Vikhrev
08.05.25 18:22
I have

rvanderweele
03.05.25 08:35
Does someone has a scan of Nartshuk E.P. 2003. Key to families of Diptera (Insecta) of the fauna of Russian and adjacent countries. Proceedings of the Zoological Institute Vol. 294: 1-252 for me?

Zeegers
10.03.25 18:02
We are looking for a new webmaster https://diptera.in
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Zeegers
04.03.25 17:10
Please use the link posted below to remember and honour Paul, if you wish

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