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More Information about: square brackets
Term square brackets
Explanation 1. When used in citations square brackets indicate uncertainty. Most commonly it will be the year that is given between square brackets. In this case the date of description is uncertain and the date between the brackets is the earliest, verifiable date. For example: Anomoia purmunda (Harris, [1780]) (Diptera: Tephritidae). The name waspublished in a series of piblications of which the first was issues in 1776 and the last one was dated 1780. The name proposed was in an undated volume, but this volume was published in 1780 at the latest.
2. When used in citations in lists of synonyms, square brackets are often used to enclose statements of clarification or misidentification. For example: Acletoxenus Frauenfeld, 1868: 152. Type species: Acletoxenus syrphoides Frauenfeld, 1868 [= Gitona formosa Loew, 1864], mon. Von Frauenfeld (1868) described the genus Acletoxenus which has Acletoxenus syrphoides as type species. However, that species had already been described under the name Gitona formosa by Loew (1864).

Category Taxonomy
Submitted by Robert Nash
Date Added/
Modified		 19.06.06
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eklans
24.08.25 16:55
Thanks for your proposal, but for me this option is ineligible.

rvanderweele
15.08.25 10:15
For those specialists not active on Facebook, I just ask to consider to join our group on FB. Please, be aware that it is not necessary at all to be active on FB outside the diptera group. Actually, n

rvanderweele
15.08.25 10:13
We received requests to get permission to ask for ID in our Facebook group, https://www.facebo
ok.com/groups/1798
95332035235/ Until now we pointed to diptera.info, but since Paul's passing we not

Tony Irwin
23.06.25 18:10
If you have some spare money, there is a copy (together with keys to pupae and larvae) for sale by Hermann L. Strack, Loguivy Plougras, France

smol
23.06.25 11:18
Appreciate it, Tony Irwin! I got the hint to use the key next to Langton and Pinder key for females of Chironomidae. So no specific queries, except the keys... I will keep this on my list and hope th

Tony Irwin
19.06.25 15:33
I have the hard copy book, if you have any specific queries, but I'm not scanning the 500+ pages!

smol
02.06.25 18:26
Anyone has "Chironomidae of the Holarctic region. Keys and diagnoses. Part 3. Adult Males Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement 34"? smolwaarneming@gma
il.com

Nikita Vikhrev
28.05.25 20:57
I have Russian Coenosia. nikita6510@ya.ru

smol
28.05.25 12:25
Is someone able to share with me "A key to the Russian species of the genus Coenosia"?

Nikita Vikhrev
08.05.25 18:22
I have

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